Financial Malware: Past and Present

Malware is not only increasingly diversified and capable, but also easier to create. Through 2015, this widespread threat will continue to grow unabated. An effective cyber criminal effort could just as well be predicated on an overwhelming amount of simple pieces of malware as it could be upon a monolithic, state-level attack. There are two primary mitigation vectors that can be used against such powerful financial malware - backend protection and specialized endpoint protection.

Malicious software (aka malware) affects us all. Modern malware ranges from keyloggers, to ransom ware to spyware to botnets. Arguably the most advanced are financial trojans, which are capable of emptying bank accounts in seconds. The Zeus toolkit has stolen hundreds of millions of dollars globally in recent years, and is one of the most effective financial trojan platforms. This platform has been used to launch other powerful financial malware such as KINS and Citadel, which has stolen millions of dollars from banks in 2013 alone.

The two main mitigation vectors against this blitz of advanced malware are backend protection and specialized endpoint protection. Backend protection involves the bank implementing multiple controls which are unseen by the average bank customer. They may involve building out powerful antifraud risk engines built on big data, and implementing dual custody for wire and ACH transactions, and limiting customer transfer limits. They are generally very slow rollouts and resource intensive.

Endpoint protection involves placing software on the customer endpoint, typically PC and Mac devices. Effective end point protection against financial malware is not commonly found in common antivirus suites. Modern financial malware uses techniques such as packing and polymorphic encryption to completely bypass detection by well-known antivirus suites. Zeus has historically been so effective at avoiding antivirus detection that other cybercriminals have adopted its use: Zeus has been used to send spam and steal Facebook credentials in addition to stealing bank credentials since its source code leaked in 2011. The antivirus detection rate for Zeus on average is still only 40,1% , with many of those detected being early Zeus versions.

Zeus, ZeuS, or Zbot is Trojan horse computer malware that runs on versions of the Microsoft Windows. While it is capable of being used to carry out many malicious and criminal tasks, it is often used to steal banking information by man-in-the-browser keystroke logging and form grabbing. It is also used to install the CryptoLocker ransomware. Zeus is spread mainly through drive-by downloads and phishing schemes. First identified in July 2007 when it was used to steal information from the United States Department of Transportation, it became more widespread in March 2009. In June 2009 security company Prevx discovered that Zeus had compromised over 74000 FTP accounts on websites of such companies as the Bank of America, NASA, Monster.com, ABC, Oracle, Play.com, Cisco, Amazon, and BusinessWeek. Game over Zeus was first developed in September 2011, and runs software on an infected devices which is then used to intercept online banking transactions, defrauding customers and banks. Zeus controllers can fine tune the copy of Zeus they are using to steal only information they are interested in; typically login credentials for online social networks, e-mail accounts, online banking or other online financial services. 

Citadel

Citadel is a relativly recent incarnation of Zeus, first appearing in February 2012. The owners of Citadel are actively building on to the source code of leaked Zeus (2.0.8.9), and adding new functionality. 2013 has been a banner year for cyber criminals. Their tools had greatly evolved, and new advanced malware suites are now available. Hesperbot, Shylock, Beta Bot, KINS and Carberp are also now being used against banks, and this trend shows no sign of abatement.

According to Symantec, the number of detections of financial malware dropped off significantly in 2014. The total number of common financial Trojans detected decreased by 53%, while financial phishing emails fell by 74%. The U.S. had the most detections, with the UK and Germany rounding out the top three.

While some malware families such as Trojan.Shylock nearly disappeared, others such as the new spin-off threat Infostealer.Dyranges stepped into the void, blogged Symantec security researcher Candid Wueest.

"In the U.S., there is a larger number of potential organizations to target, many of whom conduct banking online and have more wealth across the board, making the U.S. a good target for the attacker in terms of revenue per infection."

In July 2014, an operation led by the UK National Crime Agency (NCA) and European Cybercrime Centre (EC3) at Europol resulted in the seizure of command and control servers and domains used by Trojan.Shylock. Shylock has been observed being distributed by at least five different exploit kits, including Nuclear and Blackhole. After the takedown, the number of Shylock infections fell by more than half, according to Symantec. 

Over the past couple months, the FS-ISAC SOC has been tracking malicious activity associated with the Neverquest banking trojan. Neverquest is a new variant of the Vawtrak banking trojan that primarily targets on-line banking customers in the US and Asia-Pacific countries. It is primarily a credential stealing Trojan that targets the login credentials for specific websites. Like other credential-stealing malware, Neverquest leverages a “trigger list” of URLs and keywords to identify when an infected user logs into a secure banking site or other targeted secure website. Recent configurations show a shift to include social networking sites, gaming sites, and online retailers in their target list. Other optional functionality reportedly includes a VNC module to provide remote control of an infected computer, and a webinject module to collect additional information from victims. Recent related campaigns use the Chanitor malware downloader for initial infection and to download the Neverquest malware to the victim’s computer. Chanitor primarily leverages malicious macros in Microsoft Word documents, which are typically delivered via phishing emails, although they could also be hosted on malicious or compromised websites.

Ineffectiveness of traditional antivirus suites against financial malware? I would say no. Most common desktop antivirus suites are having a hard time of detecting and protecting endpoints from modern financial malware. New financial malware is highly targeted and antivirus vendors do not see copies in the wild until the malware has mainstreamed, by which time cybercriminals will have moved to newer malware having successfully raided countless bank accounts. While it is true that some malware attacks utilize "zero-day" vulnerabilities (attacks that have just been discovered and are referred to as 'unknown vulnerabilities') these attacks are a tiny minority. The reason is that 'zero day', unknown vulnerabilities are hard to discover and are thus expensive and relatively few in number. Rather than being reactive to threats and relying on aging solutions such as blacklist-based malware, an effective security architecture should incorporate practices such as proactive network monitoring with deep discovery, as well as tools that protect endpoints and cloud assets.

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Does IT Security Fail?

RSA, the security division of EMC, with the contribution of Northeastern University, recently published a report on the reasons why the IT security sector fails to effectively address the modern cyber attacks. The report highlights the challenges faced by the industry, while deepening the best practices that can build an organization in order to achieve everything that managed to achieve so far in safety. It also includes practical advice for professionals from the field of IT security, which can help to improve the strategy and tactics with which face modern threats.

The main messages of the report:

The attacks on the IT infrastructure of an organization and multiply them increases and the economic damage that accompanies them.

The economic impact of these attacks are important and tend to expand.

According to The Global State of Information Security® Survey Research 2015, the number of established attacks worldwide increased by 48%, to 42,8 million, which is equivalent to 117339 per day attacks. Since 2009, the incidents of attacks are growing at 66 % annually. The economic losses due to detected attacks worldwide raised to US$ 2,7 million, about 34% higher than in 2013.

The report notes that the lack of awareness of risk is one of the most vulnerable points in terms of IT security in the US.

Amounts invested in cyber-attacks prevention technologies (prevention-based security) is disproportionately high in relation to expenditure for procurement solutions that can detect and adequately address these attacks. Moreover, the situation aggravated by a "skills shortage". It is important to note that IT security should be based on adequate preparation. One needs a thorough understanding of business processes and entire operation of an organization, as well as the ability to collect and analyze all information related to the security of IT infrastructure. Those organizations do not have adequate staff or experience to deal with such situations should consider whether they need to strengthen the internal IT security team, buying specialized cloud-based services to more fully protect their infrastructures.

Recommendations for better preparation against threats

The focus should now be focused not on what attacks are detected or how successful the effort to prevent several aspiring invaders, but who managed to escape, you may not be protected adequately and what attacks might not have been known.

Preparation - The vigilance and sustained attention should be an inherent feature of any plan to protect the IT infrastructure of an organization. The access control systems can not by themselves effectively against modern attackers who launch attacks at high speed, drawing more and more new weapons to exploit any weakness of protective systems.

Setting priorities - Every IT system and all information has the same value as another. Each organization should define what is critical for a particular function (mission critical) and what about all of the activity (business-critical). What attack would prevent the business development of the company in the future and what will lead many years back or out of the market.

Customization - Those professionally engaged in IT security should first understand the nature of the changes that have occurred in terms of infrastructure - cloud, mobility, BYOD etc. - And then prepare methodically defensive plan and the corresponding tactics to neutralization of new and sophisticated threats.

Light everywhere - There should be no 'dark' points in the IT infrastructure, which could be hidden or where they could escape the invaders. The use of the tools offered by modern technology as well as the examination of the behavior of each user and each device connected to the network infrastructures help to better equip an organization.

Flexibility - A business can not operate under a system of strict policing. The officials should be given freedom and flexibility, there is - to some extent - respect for private activity and sense of confidence. Education and communication with staff should be continuous, so that users can understand and be ready to properly react to attacks that occur through social networks (social engineering).

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The Future of Cyber Crime

Over the past years we have witnessed the illegal uses of the Internet to completely change in form, shape, and objectives. Today's hackers are often members of the organized crime who hack computers for profit or even for political power. Motivated by radical new goals and armed with exceptional programming skills they pose a major challenge to cybercrime researchers and law enforcement investigators alike. The field of cybercrime is a multidisciplinary area that includes law, computer science, finance, telecommunications, and data analysis.

Online security companies have made their predictions for 2015, from the malware that will be trying to weasel its way onto our computers and smartphones to the prospect of cyberwar involving state-sponsored hackers. WebSense suggests, “Cybercriminals upping their game are perfecting their campaign abilities previously associated only with advanced, targeted attacks. These advanced tactics designed to evade most modern email security solutions are quickly becoming the new norm as more sophisticated email threats increase...”

A parallel trend cited by several information security companies is the prospect of attacks on bigger companies in the private and public sector, with cybercriminals having specific goals in mind. Executives at some of the world’s largest banks are pressing government officials to pursue cyber criminals more aggressively or let the industry off the leash to fight them directly. The topic has shot up the agenda at the World Economic Forum in Davos this year, partly because of a series of high-profile incidents in the past 12 months, including the theft from JPMorgan Chase of data belonging to 75 million US households. Cybercriminals go after bigger targets rather than home users as this can generate more profits for them. We will see more data breach incidents with banks, financial institutions, and customer data holders remaining to be attractive targets.

One of the most common forms of malware in 2014 was “ransomware” – cybercriminals trying to extort money from victims either by locking their devices and demanding a fee to release them, or by accusing them of various unpleasant crimes. Ransomware will be a key strategy for malware developers and it will be a more relevant threat in coming years. During 2014, we have seen big companies hit by ransomware (like Yahoo, Match and AOL). In December 2014, in a panel discussion called “Cybercrime 2020: The Future of Online Crime and Investigations” it was said that "...ransomware is the future of consumer cybercrime".

As more of our devices talk to one another – the “Internet of Things” – there may be a range of new cybersecurity headaches to think about,  from domestic appliances to home security and climate control. It has to be said that some reporting on IoT hacking has exaggerated the scale of the problem. While it probably won’t be a massive problem next year, it is an emerging space for cyber crime.

As 2014 ended with the now-infamous hack of Sony Pictures – with intense debate about whether North Korea was involved – security firms see 2015 bringing a greater prospect of cyberattacks on behalf of nation states, even if they don’t run them themselves. Cyber warfare is very attractive to small nations. The development of a government-built malware is cheaper than any other conventional weapon and far more accessible to any nation-state. Cyber warfare represents for every government an efficient alternative to conventional weapons. The boundaries between cybercriminal gangs and governments may also blur. “Criminal groups will increasingly adopt nation-state tactics,” predicts Kaspersky.

One suggested solution is cyber security awareness and advice – where the public and businesses can go to get the information they need to protect themselves, how to implement basic controls to protect their data and privacy, and finally who to trust online and who to avoid.

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Setup an Information Security Awareness Program

Protecting corporate data should be part of any organization-wide information security awareness program. The security awareness program should be delivered in a way that fits the overall culture of the organization and has the most impact to personnel. Security awareness should be conducted as an on-going program to ensure that training and knowledge is not just delivered as an annual activity, rather it is used to maintain a high level of security awareness on a daily basis. Ensuring staff is aware of the importance of data security is important to the success of a security awareness program and will assist in meeting various standards’ requirements.

The first step in the development of a formal security awareness program is assembling a security awareness team. This team is responsible for the development, delivery, and maintenance of the security awareness program. The size and membership of the security awareness team will depend on the specific needs of each organization and its culture.

Security awareness may be delivered in many ways, including formal training, computer-based training, e-mails, memos, notices, bulletins, posters, etc. It is important to target cyber security awareness notifications to the appropriate audience to ensure the information is read and understood. By disseminating security awareness training via multiple communication channels, the organization ensures that employees are exposed to the same information multiple times in different ways. By targeting the material and communication channel to relevant personnel, the security awareness team can improve adoption of the security awareness program. One key to an effective security awareness program is in targeting the delivery of relevant material to the appropriate audience in a timely and efficient manner.

Role-based security awareness provides organizations a reference for training personnel at the appropriate levels based on their job functions. Establishing a minimum awareness level for all personnel (management and employees) can be the base of the security awareness program. The first task when scoping a role-based security awareness program is to group individuals according to their job functions within the organization. Having a team in place will help ensure the success of the security awareness program through assignment of responsibility for the program. A solid awareness program will help all personnel to recognize threats, see security as beneficial enough to make it a habit at work and at home, and feel comfortable reporting potential security issues.

Management leadership and support for the security awareness program is crucial to its successful adoption by staff. Managers are encouraged to:

• Encourage personnel to actively participate and uphold the security awareness principles.
• Model the appropriate security awareness approach to reinforce the learning obtained from the program.
• Include security awareness metrics into management and staff performance reviews.

As stated above, it is recommended that training content be determined based on the role and the organization’s culture. The security awareness team may wish to coordinate with the appropriate business units to classify each role in order to determine the level of security awareness training required for those specific job duties. This is vital in development of content, to avoid “over-trainning” or “under-trainning” an employee. In addition to general security awareness training, it is recommended personnel be exposed to general concepts of data security, to promote proper data handling throughout the organization, according to their role in the organization.

Training materials should be available for all areas of the organization, such as the corporate intranet. Choosing which materials to use in a security awareness training program is highly dependent on the organization. Each organization should consider its culture when selecting the materials to use for the security awareness training. The following are examples of reference materials that may help in the development of a Security Awareness Program:

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-50, Building an Information Technology Security Awareness and Training Program, www.nist.gov
• International Standards Organization (ISO) 27002:2013, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Code of practice for information security controls, www.iso.org
• International Standards Organization (ISO) 27001:2013, Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems, www.iso.org
• COBIT 5 Appendix F.2, Detailed Guidance: Services, Infrastructure and Applications Enabler, Security Awareness, www.isaca.org/cobit

Additionally, due to the increased focus on cyber security awareness, many government agencies and industry bodies provide training materials to the public at no cost.

To ensure all personnel are engaged stakeholders in the security awareness program, the roles and responsibilities of all staff to protect corporate data should be outlined during all security awareness training, in accordance with organizational policy.

Because data is at risk both in electronic form and in non-electronic (paper) form, it is recommended that the different ways to safeguard information for different media be covered at a basic level for all personnel. For instance, considerations for protecting data in electronic format may include secure storage, transmission and disposal. Considerations for paper-based formats may also include secure storage and disposal as well as a “clear desk” policy. Without an understanding of how different media types need to be protected, personnel may inadvertently handle data in an insecure manner.

Another important consideration for inclusion in general security training is awareness of social engineering attacks. One way an attacker may use social engineering is to acquire a user’s credentials and work their way through the organization from a low-security area to a high security area. Tailoring this awareness to reflect the types of attacks that the organization may encounter provides the most effective results. Users should be aware of the common methods by which fraudsters, hackers or other malicious individuals might try to obtain credentials, payment card data, and other sensitive data, to minimize the risk of personnel unintentionally disseminating sensitive information to outsiders. Training in organizational policies and procedures that specify proper data handling, including sharing and transmission of sensitive data, is also recommended.

Feedback on training content and comprehension are key to ensuring personnel understand the content and the organization’s security policies.

In addition to content for all personnel, management training should include more detailed information regarding the consequences of a breach to management stakeholders. Management should understand not only the monetary penalties of failing to safeguard assets, but also the lasting harm to the organization due to reputational (brand) damage.

As previously discussed, management will need to understand security requirements enough to discuss and reinforce them, and encourage personnel to follow the requirements. It is recommended that management security awareness training include specific content relevant to the area of responsibility, particularly areas with access to sensitive data.

Management that is security-aware better understands the risk factors to the organization’s information. This knowledge helps them make well-informed decisions related to business operations. Managers who are security-aware can also assist with development of data security policies, secure procedures, and security awareness training.

Metrics can be an effective tool to measure the success of a security awareness program, and can also provide valuable information to keep the security awareness program up-to-date and effective. The particular metrics used to measure the success of a security awareness program will vary for each organization based on considerations such as size, industry, and type of training.

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Ides of March

So, you have studied hard and succeeded in your CISA exams. You passed a strict selection process and got the certification. You abide by the code of professional ethics. And now what??

Sometimes people forget, quite quickly... Being an auditor, does not mean that you have ascended in some semi-divine rank where you see mortal mistakes as a sin that needs to be crushed. Users are sinful, but so are the auditors. Please, bear in mind that you where once among the users, do not forget that. Perhaps a poem for wannabe "CISARS" will change your mind, read it just before your next audit.

Historical background: Artemidoros tried - without success - to warn Julius Caesar on March 15 - Ides of March - about the assassination conspiracy led by Brutus.

Ides of March, The Canon

Be fearful of exalted rank, o soul.
And if you are unable to subdue
your aspirations — doubtingly pursue them
and with precautions. And the more you rise,
the more examining, the warier be.

And when you are arrived at the supreme
height of your glory — a Caesar, as it were:
when you are become a man so widely famed:
then specially be wary — at such time
as you come out into the thoroughfares,
a noted ruler with great following:
if peradventure, from the multitude,
some friendly person, an Artemidorus,
bringing a paper, should press near to you
and rap out sharp “Read this without delay;
herein are weighty matters touching you”,
fail not to tarry; fail not to postpone
all talk or business; fail not to turn off
the different hangers-on who bow and scrape,
(you will attend to them in time); let even
the Senate wait; — leave all, and learn at once
the grave things written by Artemidorus.

--Poems by C. P. Cavafy. Translated, from the Greek, by J. C. Cavafy. Ikaros, 2003

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UI Interference Attack

The method relies on exploiting the shared memory, meaning the memory almost all programs use to store the nuts and bolts of their work, which enables various processes running on the operating system to share data between them.

In this case, graphical user interface (GUI) frameworks that can be used to determine every UI state change , which can be accessed without special permissions.

Knowing this state change the attacker, can know when sensitive data are being photographed or typed or used in general, enabling the attacker to transmit them to the receiver application. Of course this method needs the injection of a spy application in the targeted OS and as researchers claim this attack can work on almost all current OSes. such GUI confidentiality breach is indeed possible, leading to serious security consequences.

So let’s look into the android exploit that is already published. The fundamental reason for such confidentiality breach is in the Android GUI framework design, where every UI state change can be unexpectedly observed through publicly accessible side channels. Specifically, the major enabling factor is a newly-discovered shared memory side channel , which can be used to detect window events in the target application. This side channel exists because shared memory is commonly adopted by window managers to efficiently receive window changes or updates from running applications.

Window manager is a system software that interacts with applications to draw the final pixels from all application windows to the frame buffer, which is then displayed on screen. After evolving for decades, the most recent design is called compositing window manager , which is used virtually in all modern OSes. Unlike its predecessors, which allow individual applications to draw to the frame buffer directly, a compositing window manager requires applications to draw the window content to offscreen buffers first, and use a dedicated window compositor process to combine them into a final image, which is then drawn to the frame buffer.

In Android, the UI state our attack infers is called Activity. An Activity provides a user interface (UI) for user in off-screen. Client refers to the application, and server refers to the window compositor.

Due to security concerns, by default apps cannot know which Activity is currently shown in the foreground unless they are the owners or the central Activity manager.

An Activity may display different content depending on the app state. For instance, a dictionary app may have a single “definition” Activity showing different texts for each word lookup. We call these distinct displays View States. Denoting the state of the user experience.

Activity transition

In Android, multiple Activities typically work together and transition from one to another to support the functionality of an app as a whole. An example during a typical transition, the current foreground Activity pauses and a new one is created. A Back Stack  storing the current and past Activities is maintained by Android. To prevent excessive memory usage, at any point in time, only the top Activity has its window buffer allocated. Whenever an Activity transition occurs, the off-screen buffer allocation for the new Activity window and the deallocation for the existing Activity window take place.

Activity transitions can occur in two ways: a new Activity is created (create transition), or an existing one resumes when the BACK key is pressed (resume transition), corresponding to push and pop  actions in the Back Stack.

Knowing these fundamentals we will try to explain this novel attack on our beloved smartphones and maybe all new OSes we use.

LoginActivity Attack Overview

The spy app uses Activity hijacking to determine when the state its looking for will come to focus. Let’s use a typical login screen such as facebook or maybe a PayPal login.

LoginActivity, is about to enter the foreground, the attack app simultaneously injects a pre-prepared phishing LoginActivity into the foreground. Just at the right moment so not to make a visual disruption. Thus, enabling the spy app to steal the login data but still log the user in the appropriate application so there will be no trace of the disruption.

Camera Peeking Attack Overview

Due to privacy concerns, many apps store photo images shot by the camera only in memory and never make them publicly accessible, for example by writing them to external storage. This applies to many apps such as banking apps (e.g. Chase), shopping apps (e.g. Amazon), and search apps (e.g. Google Goggles).

Such photo images contain highly-sensitive information such as the user’s life events, shopping interests, home address and signature (on the check). With Activity tracking such sensitive and well-protected camera photo images can be successfully stolen by a background spy app. Targeting at the camera photo shot by the user, instead of random ones of the environment.

This attack uses the OpenGL library many new phones and tablets use , which has very high frame rate and does not need the sound turned off cause it does not use the shutter sound.

Even though Android disallows the taking of photographs in the background that does not mean that it does not stack the camera usage requests while the camera is in use. So when the user photographs something of importance the activity tracker tells the spy app to take another photo just when the camera is released and the user returns to the application he was using.

The camera has a very low release time about 500ms,so the spy app can shoot another shot or the sensitive data milliseconds after the original which makes it very likely the user is still pointing at the document.

There will be information about defending ourselves against these attacks soon.

Image by Benjamin F. Clay CC BY-SA 3.0

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Windows Server 2003 - The End Is Near

In July 2015 Microsoft will be ending Extended Support for Windows Server 2003. What this means is that standard, packaged support offerings will no longer be available and also that Microsoft will stop issuing security patches for this product. Thus, organizations will be exposed to significant risk if they stay on the Windows Server 2003 platform beyond the termination date. Organizations need to start planning for a migration to Windows Server 2012 R2 asap. This pose a significant opportunity for organizations to take a closer look at their entire IT infrastructure, because of the significant evolution in the past 10 years in all IT technology layers.

While organizations can potentially negotiate custom support agreements with Microsoft to provide security patches beyond the cut-off date, this will inevitably raise support costs significantly. Microsoft will stop issuing security patches for Windows Server 2003 when Extended Support ends. This will mean that applications and services built on Windows Server 2003 will be out of support and also out of compliance unless they are migrated to a newer operating system platform.

The first step is to get an overview of all the applications that are running on Windows Server 2003. Once the assessment is underway, the applications need to be prioritized, and a plan devised for migration. This might take quite some time, especially in the development and testing phases. The critical issues are time, skills and budget, as developing and testing a new system architecture and application design is not a trivial task.

The biggest risk from staying on Windows Server 2003 is that Microsoft will no longer provide any security patches and updates to address vulnerabilities that are detected for operational systems. This is not a trivial fact, as Microsoft still issues double digit numbers of critical patches every year under the standard support model. Consequently, Windows Server 2003 installations will increasingly become a target for hackers as unpatched vulnerabilities pile up. Running on unsupported software will also mean that European organizations will be out of compliance with standard industry regulations around data protection or standards such as the PCI DSS. This in turn will restrict their ability to do business effectively.

Next, evaluate the technology options for a new IT architecture. Points to consider include new server hardware platforms, current server operating systems, a potential move from physical to virtualized environments such as Hyper-V, and the data protection and recovery products to ensure resilience and recoverability of the infrastructure.

Once you have made your technology choices, you need to design your new IT infrastructure and plan the system migration, including migrating from physical to virtualized environments. Prioritize those services that

have to be moved, and develop a plan to mitigate risk for workloads that do not need to be migrated.

Plan the migration proccess and elaborate fall-back plans. Some data protection and recovery products can actually help with the migration from physical to virtual infrastructure and take out risk from the migration process by ensuring that you can fail back to an older version of the infrastructure, application, and data if something goes bad.

Do not forget to test your applications in the new environment to verify that everything works as it should. This step is tricky and might take longer than you expected.

Leaving migrations too late can leave you exposed to substantial business risks, whereas acting now enables you to move through the migration process in due time. This is your opportunity to move to a modern, efficient, and high performance infrastructure that will position your organization well for the next decade.

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